Application of nanoparticles in modification of screen printed electrode sensors

Flexible and disposable screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) have been used for sensor developmentbecause they can be mass-produced on a large scale at a low cost [۲۸]. SPEs typically consist of a chemically inert substrate in which three electrodes (a working electrode, reference electrode, andcounter electrode) have been screen-printed [۲۹,۳۰]. Many articles on SPEs have describedenvironmental [۳۱], food and beverage [۳۲], heavy metal [۳۳], and biomedical [۳۴] applications.Due to the advantages of SPEs, they are likely to be developed as ISEs to monitor aquaculture conditions. Recent progress in the field of electroanalysis with metal nanoparticle (NP)-basedscreen-printed electrodes (SPEs) is discussed, focusing on the methods employed to perform the electrode surface functionalization, and the final application achieved with different types of metallic NPs. The ink mixing approach, electrochemical deposition, and drop casting are the usual methodologies used for SPEs’ modification purposes to obtain nanoparticle based sensing phaseswith suitable tailor-made functionalities. In this article we investigated on the various modifications of SPEs based on nanoparticles.