بررسی مدیریت آفات گیاه صنعتی بنه

Wild pistachio, Pistacia atlantiea Desf. is one of the important trees in Iran natural resources and distributed in mountain areas of country. There are valuable resources of this plant in Khojir protected area which located in east of Tehran. To study on wild pistachio pests and their natural enemies in Khojir protected park, during 1997.2003 they were collected. Among collected samples, about 10 species were pests and 4 species were their natural enemies as follow: Ocneria terebinthina Stgr. (Lep. Lymantriidae): This moth is the most important pest of wild pistachio in many areas of country. Its overwintering is as 2nd, 3rd, and 4th larval instars, inside the bark crevices of infected trees and under dried leaves around trees base. Activity of the overwintering larvae usually starts from late April. Pupae are fonned on leaves or in the soil. Gradually from mid-July male and then female adults appear. Females I? eggs as cluster under surface ofleaves. The 1st, 2" , 3rd and 4th larval instars feed on paranshim and beneath epiderm of leaves, but last larval instars feed on all parts of leaves except main vein. Males and females have five and six larval stages respectively. This insect has two generation per year in Khojir condition. The adults of summer generation appear from early September. The larvae go to winter diapause from late September. Thaumetopoea solitaria Frever (Lep. Thaumetopoeidae): Females lay their eggs as cluster on the branches. The larvae feed on leaves in nights. They defoliate the trees so their damage is serious. Stigmella promissa Stgr. (Lep. Stigmellidae): This is a leaf miner and its feeding causes black and irregular patch on the leaves. Density of this pest is less than previous two species. Forda hirsuta Dav. et Rem. (Horn. Pemphigidae): This aphid causes red galls on margin of leaves and its density is high~ Anapulvinaria pistaeiae Bod. (Horn. Lecaniidae): Density of this pest on leaves and branches of wild pistachio trees is low in Khojir region. It has one generation and its overwintering is as second nymphal instar on branches. Estenoborus perrisi Chap. (Col. Scolytidae): This pest overwinter as larva. It is polyvoltine and its damage is high in Khojir. Ooeneytus masii (Hym. Encyrtidae): This wasp is parasitoid of Ocneria terebinthina and it controls the population of this pest, specially in second and third generation. Brachymeria intermedia (Nees)(Hym. Chalcididae): This parasitoid wasp has important role in controlling of Ocner;a terebinthina by parasiting the pupae of this pest. Exorista sp. (Dip. Tachinidae): This fly is pupal parasitoid of both leaf feeder of wild pistachio. Rhynocorus iracundus (Het. Reduviidae) Nymphs and adults of this bug feed on larvae of Ocneria terebinthina and Thaumetopoea solitaria. I Key words: Wild pi stacia, Ocneria terebinthina, Thaumetopoea solitaria, Khojir, pest management.